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 每次看到国内学生落水遇难的新闻就很痛心，游泳课为什么不能列为国家教育体系强制性达标项目 内容有转贴 |
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作者：笨猪塔克 在 生活风情 发贴, 来自【海归网】 http://www.haiguinet.com
今天晚上又看到这样的小学生落水遇难新闻，不禁很难受，干脆冒泡发一个帖子。从小到大，看到听说了太多因为不会游泳落水遇难的事情，无论是小学生，中学生还是大学生都发生过。国家为什么不能把游泳课做为一项强制性必须达标的体育项目科目呢？当然，听说困难有很多，一个主要问题是硬件问题，游泳馆太少，无法具体实施这个强制性的体育达标项目。那为什么不修建更多的游泳馆呢？。。。。。。国内的事情太复杂，我也没有精力去展开说这个事情了。还是看看国外的情况吧，wiki里面有介绍，我拷贝到新闻下面。
游泳课只是一项，我觉得和人基本生存相关的技能都可以考虑列入考核科目，
平常多演练，在危机时候就会有用了。
希望以后类似这样的悲剧不再发生。
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安徽4名小学生手拉手救落水同学不幸遇难(组图)
文章来源: 中安在线 于 2011-04-28 07:00:58
敬请注意:新闻取自各大新闻媒体，新闻内容并不代表本网立场！
4月26日，六安4名小学生手拉手救同学，不幸被急流冲走。4月27日，记者再次来到现场，听目击者详细讲述那一刻：生死关头，四双小手伸向落水同学……
河边忽闻救命声
昨天傍晚，六安老淠河，在夕阳余光里，几双鞋子还散落在河边。
一位放鸭子的妇女告诉记者， 4月26日中午，这里哭泣声、口号声、救援声交织。学生晓帅(化名)是六安市金安区马头镇陈台小学六年级的学生，他是现场的目击者和救援者之一。据他介绍，中午12时30分许， 9名男生骑着自行车，一起到老淠河段河埂的沙滩上玩耍。后来，有几名同学卷着裤脚到了浅水区。
“忽然听到有人在河里大喊救命，回头一看，是我们一个同学掉进深水区了。”晓帅说，他回头看到一名同学在水中挣扎，而就在附近的邰冬、张义虎、文鹏、张克奥等四个同学手拉手在到河里救人，但他们都不太会游泳。“他们一步步往深水区走，结果全部掉到深水里了。”
五个孩子落入水中后，在岸上的四名孩子连忙跑过来施救。
脱险后继续救援
晓帅会游泳，直接跳入水中救人，其他孩子也下了浅水区。晓帅在深水区用自己的头将张克奥顶出水面，站在浅水区的学生顺势将张克奥拉到浅水处，张克奥暂时脱离危险。
紧接着，孩子们手拉手，而最前面的学生则伸出脚，让水中的邰冬、张义虎、文鹏三名同学抱住，然后一一拉到浅水区。至此，四名学生暂时脱险。
这时，四名被救起的孩子并没有放弃救援先前落水的同学，他们继续伸出援手，但一个漩涡吞噬了他们。学生马林(化名)见状，立即跳入水中施救，但5人已被急流冲得不知去向，连马林自己也落入深水区，最后被其他同学救了上来。
孩子们成绩优秀
河水恢复平静，在岸上的四名学生再也找不到同伴的下落。
“河边的脚印多是孩子们留下来的。”参加救援打捞的一名村民告诉记者，看到五个死去的孩子被打捞上来，其他孩子都哭成了泪人。
“总感觉他们还会来上课，但是却等不来了！”陈台小学的沈老师告诉记者，落水的五个孩子都是他们班级的，成绩非常优秀。当时学校的费校长接到电话后就来到现场，但是却再也找不到亲爱的学生了。
昨天下午，陈台小学六年级教室，五名孩子座位空着，书包还放在抽屉里。拿着孩子考试卷的沈老师告诉记者，这几个孩子成绩多在90分以上，“作为老师，我心里难受呀！”沈老师介绍，今天班上的孩子们上课都特别安静，我和孩子们都不提这事，“但我们心里都很难过。”河滩边，那些深一脚浅一脚的脚印，都是孩子们救人的见证。
记住他们留给这个世界的美好
六安8位少年英雄们的救援虽然失败了，但救助的过程却体现了集体主义的取向：手拉手，不抛弃、不放弃；而救助行为的悲壮，也指向生命的至上意义，因为生命无价，所以无法比对、无法将逝去的生命放在假设的天平上称量。获救的、牺牲的，都印证着生命的美好，人生的可贵。
这是一个不起眼的故事，故事的主角是几个小学生；这是一个直抵人心的故事，故事的内容是生死攸关的交错叙事。六安市马头镇陈台学校六年级9名男生，骑车到河埂的沙滩上玩耍，当1名学生意外掉入深水区时，同伴次第伸出援手，卷入漩涡、获救、继续救人，直到5个孩子被急流冲得不知所踪。
人生芳秽有千载，世上荣枯无百年。这些单纯的孩子，也许并未学会以成人的思维来度量生死的价值，只是在他人命悬一线之际，义无反顾地伸出了自己稚嫩的手臂，故事定格在很多次的“手拉手”的镜头里：第一次救援落入深水区的同伴，他们手拉手；获救后，他们又手拉手救援新的落水者……在他们的价值选择里，没有技术的托词、没有利害的借口，只有最简单的一个逻辑：即便自己仍在安危之间，也要让每个人都脱险。
古人云：“死生亦大矣。”5条鲜活的生命，消逝在湍急的河流里。我们感同身受于家庭之悲、学校之憾，但这一场看似稚拙的救赎，却以震人心魄的代价，为所有成年人上了一堂课。这堂课的主题，叫做“人性之美”。羸弱的生命，以飞蛾扑火的姿势，彰显了人性中的三种价值取向：集体价值、生命价值、利他价值。
少年英雄们的救援虽然失败了，但救助的过程体现了集体主义的取向：手拉手，不抛弃、不放弃；而救助行为的悲壮，指向生命的至上意义，因为生命无价，所以无法比对、无法将逝去的生命放在天平上称量，获救的、牺牲的，都印证着生命的美好，人生的可贵。在几名少年的身上，在危险来临的时刻，每一次出手也许都是一次命运的置换与逆转，但其行为却以他人利益、公共价值为惟一考量，义无反顾，前赴后继。
我们不赞美牺牲、我们不赞美生命的无辜与脆弱，但我们不能不钦佩于悲剧中的人性大美。这份“美”，恰恰是我们在市场经济年代走丢的社会暖色；这份“美”，莫不是时代在人心不古时阙如的破题之力。诚如温总理所言，近年来相继发生的恶性食品安全事件足以表明，诚信的缺失、道德的滑坡已经到了非常严重的地步。眼下，公共生活的信仰，已从“不救人”降格为“不害人”的底线之下——究竟是救人少年太傻太天真、还是我们太强太精明？
一幕悲剧，几多反思。这是一个人本主义光芒四射的年代，我们不鼓励孩子自我牺牲式见义勇为，我们可能还要教育更多的孩子增强安全意识，我们更要呼吁社会关注各种儿童群体的生存现状——但是，几名少年英雄的所作所为，于这个年代，何尝不是一种精神的滋养？
愿孩子们一路走好！
让我们记住他们的名字：张克奥、文鹏、邰冬、张义虎——记住他们曾经来过这个世界，记住他们留给这个世界的美好！(特约评论员邓海建)
请让我们记下这四个名字：张克奥、文鹏、张义虎、邰冬。他们都是六安市金安区马头镇陈台小学六年级的男生。他们的生命永远定格在了2011年春天。他们的脸庞将永远稚嫩如花。记者特地走进了他们的家庭和学校，试图为大家还原这4个勇敢少年生前的片段，让我们再看一眼他们可爱的模样。
跟爷爷奶奶生活却一点不娇气
文鹏1999年6月4日出生马头镇孙长郢村人
“这个孩子可懂事了，见到我们都喊叔叔、阿姨！”孙长郢村村委会主任说。文鹏的父亲文才忠在上海一家工厂当电工，母亲李秀芝也在外打工，父子俩一年只有暑假和春节两次见面机会。虽然一直跟着爷爷奶奶生活，但文鹏并不娇气。他爷爷是退休老师，文鹏也学得特别知书达理。
文鹏的父母和祖父母含泪告诉记者，文鹏学习认真，性格开朗，乐于助人，拥有一颗善良的心，而且特别孝顺。爷爷奶奶身体不好，文鹏放学后总是抢做家务事，减轻老人的负担，他自己洗鞋袜内衣，从不要大人操心。“村里人都夸我有福气。”奶奶伤心地说。
大人让他跑腿办事他很勤快
邰冬1997年2月10日出生马头镇孙长郢村人
父亲邰英阔在无锡打工，母亲张先群在家务农，照看这个儿子。因为父母要求严格，邰冬在班上的成绩不错。
邰冬的叔爷爷邰孝忠说：“邰冬这孩子从来不跟人争执，也从没跟同学红过脸。他不痞，但是讲义气。大人让他跑腿办事，他很勤快地就办好了。”
“村里人都说他是我的小跑腿。”其母亲张先群哭着告诉记者，在农忙时节，她没办法按时做饭，邰冬就主动煮饭。他自己洗鞋袜，平时穿戴都干干净净。
孙长郢村党支书许世荣是看着邰冬长大的，他说，邰冬是个听话、善良的孩子，而且很大方，有人缘，村里的孩子都喜欢和他一起上学。
伺候双目失明的奶奶从不嫌烦
张克奥1999年1月29日生马头镇龙滩村人
张克奥的爸爸张义忠和妈妈王庆霞一直在外打工，张克奥和爷爷还有双目失明的奶奶相依为命。在爷爷奶奶心目中，张克奥那么听话乖巧，懂事善良。爷爷说，孙子克奥性格特别好，孝敬老人，让人省心。
他天天给奶奶打洗脚水、倒便盆，从不嫌脏嫌烦，“他是我的乖孙子呀！”
教数学的沈老师告诉记者：“张克奥成绩非常优秀，是个刻苦学习的孩子。”张克奥是班上的数学课代表，村里低年级的同学有题目做不好就来找他，他也愿意帮助别人，很受孩子们的喜欢。
常站出来保护受欺负的小同学
张义虎1998年7月10日出生马头镇龙滩村人
父亲张根连和母亲刘厚叶已经年过四十，常年在上海打工。两人无法面对这个现实，看到记者后直抹眼泪。
亲友们说，张义虎学习认真、动手能力强，很听话。有弱小同学被人欺负，他就站出来保护受欺负的小同学，但他自己却从不欺负他人。
张义虎的爷爷奶奶身体不好，一遇到生病，张义虎就跟前跟后、端茶倒水。前不久，奶奶的腿病犯了，张义虎写完作业就给奶奶捶腿按腿，是奶奶的贴心“小棉袄”。
省文明办相关人士肯定他们的行为；
老师、同学回忆救人少年学习中的点滴
陈台小学6年级的教室里， 5个位子空着。在张克奥的课桌里，一本语文书上写着“严于律己，宽以待人”八个字。或许，这是他的座右铭。“在最关键时候，这些孩子的行为是那么的高尚、感人！”张克奥等5名同学的突然离去，让许多老师扼腕痛惜。而安徽省文明办相关部门负责人则告诉记者，这些孩子在关键时候伸出援手“精神可嘉”。
>>>老师：是班上最好的学生
昨天下午，马头镇陈台小学6年级数学老师沈传友向记者回忆了这几名孩子平时的点点滴滴。
沈老师说，张克奥等5人都是自己班上的学生，平时师生关系十分融洽。“虽然孩子们的父母大多不在身边，但是他们都很懂事。”
张克奥原先在龙滩小学读书，为了读书方便，前年他的姐姐将他送到陈台小学。“这孩子头脑反应很快，接受能力很强，上课时喜欢举手回答问题，成绩进步很快。”沈老师说，张克奥的数学成绩在全班数一数二，还经过全班同学的评选当上了数学课代表。
在记者采访中，老师们还特地拿出了几个孩子的考试卷，成绩均在90分以上，在班上都是好学生。
同学：他们都很有爱心
昨天，在陈台小学6年级的教室里，孩子们正安安静静地听着老师上课。“孩子们现在都懂事了，今天上课，大家都不说话，不调皮，课堂特别安静。”授课的老师说。
同在一个年级读书的涂成涛告诉记者，这几位同学都非常有爱心。“在汶川大地震时，他们都踊跃捐款，有的捐了50元，有的捐了40元……”
涂成涛同学回忆说，今年开学后有一天，他的笔丢了，一时间没有笔写作业，于是他就找同学张义虎借。当时张义虎只有一支圆珠笔和一支铅笔，但张义虎二话没说，就把圆珠笔借给他，自己用铅笔写字。
昨天，同一班级的李智、石晓凤等同学，利用课余时间，制作了千纸鹤、纸星星等纪念物品，放在5名同学的桌子上……
省文明办：孩子们“精神可嘉”
“事情发生后，我们就接到当地文明办的报告，这几个孩子在关键时候挺身而出，精神可嘉。”昨天，安徽省文明办相关部门徐姓负责人告诉记者，事情发生后，他们第一时间了解了四个孩子的救人事迹，对于这四个孩子的事迹，他觉得非常感人，“这种救人的精神值得学习！”
徐先生同时告诉记者，为了未成年人的安全，不鼓励未成年人救人。
最新进展 孩子们接受心理辅导
“几个孩子目前在医院里接受心理辅导。”昨天，记者了解到，事发现场的几个孩子已经分别到当地的医院接受心理辅导治疗。据介绍，亲历了这样的悲剧，几个孩子的心理所受刺激比较大。
“目前，当地政府正在做孩子家人的工作，同时对这些孩子进行心理辅导，希望能够尽快让孩子们健康起来。”在几个孩子家中做工作的六安市金安区一位工作人员告诉记者。
六安市金安区委常委、宣传部长杜继坤表示，他们接到事故消息后，立即成立5个包保工作组，连夜到户介入安抚等善后工作。
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Swimming lessonsFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, search
swimming portal
A five-year-old girl learns arm placement from her teacher in an individual class at a dedicated swimming school in San Jose, California. Other children learn in small group classes (far left and right).
A Styrofoam flotation aid (AKA a kick-board) can help children learn to swim.Swimming lessons is the process of learning to swim. In most countries there is a definition of a number of swimming levels that is reached in the process of the curriculum. The respective certificates of swimming tests are required for further training in aquatic abilities. Many countries have defined a minimum swimming level that children should reach by the end of primary education, in most cases with the help of school swimming classes being part of the normal curriculum.
Children are often given swimming lessons, which serve to develop swimming technique and confidence. Children generally do not swim independently until 4 years of age.[1]
Contents [hide]
1 School swimming
2 Swimming levels
2.1 Austria
2.2 Canada
2.3 Germany
2.4 Singapore
2.5 Switzerland
2.6 United Kingdom
2.7 United States
[edit] School swimmingIn many places, swimming lessons are provided by local swimming pools, both those run by the local authority and by private leisure companies. Many schools also include swimming lessons into their Physical Education curricula, provided either in the schools' own pools, or in the nearest public pool.
In Sweden, Denmark, Norway and Finland, the curriculum for 11-year-olds in the fifth grade states that all children should learn how to swim as well as how to handle emergencies near water. Most commonly, children are expected to be able to swim 200 metres (220 yards) – of which at least 50 metres (55 yards) is on their back – after first falling into deep water and getting their head under water. Even though about 95 percent of Swedish school children know how to swim, drowning remains the third most common cause of death among children.[2]
In both the Netherlands and Belgium, swimming lessons during school time (schoolzwemmen, school swimming) are supported by the government. Most schools provide swimming lessons. There is a long tradition of swimming lessons in the Netherlands and in Belgium; the Dutch translation for the breaststroke swimming style is schoolslag (schoolstroke). The children learn a variant of the breaststroke, which is technically not entirely correct.
In Germany and Austria, school swimming ("Schulschwimmen") is part of the elementary school curriculum leading to the entry level certificate "Frühschwimmer" for about 90 percent of the children (a 95% goal set by the ministers for education with actual percentages ranging as low as 75% in some schools). About 50 percent reach a higher swimming level certificate during school swimming. In Switzerland most schools offer a swimming course, however only 70% of the students take part in it which has led to the "Schulschwimmen für alle“ petition in 2007. Unlike in Germany and Austria, a swimming test including a jump from the diving tower is common in Swiss schools.
In France, school swimming ("natation scolaire") is part of the curriculum for physical education in the 2nd and 3rd grade in elementary school, or for children aged between 4 and 6 years of age. The aim is successful completion of entry into water then swimming for 50 metres, before floating for 10 seconds, then swimming on the front and on the back (for 10 metres each), ending with retrieval of an object from deep water of more than 2 metres.[3]
In the UK, the "Top-ups scheme" calls for school children who cannot swim by the age of 11 to receive intensive daily lessons. These children who have not reached Great Britain's National Curriculum standard of swimming 25 metres by the time they leave primary school will be given a half-hour lesson every day for two weeks during term-time.[4]
In Canada and Mexico there has been a call for swimming to be included in the public school curriculum.[5]
In Singapore, most swimming schools teach the SwimSafer Programme introduced by Singapore National Water Safety Council in July, 2010 with support from the Singapore Sports Council. The SwimSafer Programme combines instruction in swimming and life-saving skills.
[edit] Swimming levels[edit] AustriaThe Arbeitsgemeinschaft Österreichisches Wasserrettungswesen (working committee for water rescue in Austria) is a joint committee of private organizations and government bodies. They have defined four grade levels of swimming lessons that is used in school swimming.
The Entry level "Frühschwimmer" (early swimmer - the badge showing a penguin) requires jump from side, 25 meters of swimming and 5 rules of swimming.
The Level 1 "Freischwimmer" (free swimmer - the badge with one wave and a bronze pin) requires 15 minutes of swimming (at any style of choice), 1 meter jump into water, and 10 rules of swimming.
The Level 2 "Fahrtenschwimmer" (trail swimmer - the badge with two waves and a silver pin) requires 15 minutes of swimming, dive jump or jump from 3 meter height, 10 meter swimming underwater, pick up of a thick object from deep water (2 meter water and 2,5 kg weight), 50 meter of back crawl, and 10 rules of swimming.
The Level 3 "Allroundswimmer" (routine swimmer - the badge with one wave and gold pin) requires 200 meter continuous swimming (100 meter front crawl and 100 meter back crawl), sport swimming of 100 under 2:30 minutes, 10 meter swimming underwater after dive jump, pick up of a thick object from deep water (2 meter water and 2,5 kg weight), 50 meter of back crawl, 20 meter rescue swimming with a person of about the same weight, and 10 rules of swimming.
Additionally, the ÖWR water rescue organization has test for the "Jugendschwimmerschein" (youth swimmer certificate) including 50 meter of breast stroke under 1:05 minutes, 50 meter front crawl under 1 minute, 50 meter back crawl under 1:19 minute, description of lifeguard rules, 50 meter rescue swimming with anotherr person, 100 meter snorkel under 1:50 minute, 100 meter swimming with clothes.
[edit] CanadaIn Canada, the Canadian Red Cross Swim program is commonly used, with over one million Canadians enrolling each year. Similar to the system set out by the American Red Cross, the Swim Kids program, for school-aged children, consists of ten levels that progress from basic, confidence-building skills to more complicated strokes and techniques.[6]
[edit] GermanyThe "Schwimmabzeichen" (swimming badge) is assigned in four levels - Entry, Bronze, Silver and Gold. The levels are defined by the Bundesverband zur Förderung der Schwimmausbildung (federal association for promotion of swimming lessons - assembling NGO associations) in coordination with the federal Kultusministerkonferenz (assembly of the ministers for education of each Bundesland-state).
The entry level "Frühschwimmer" (early swimmer) includes a swimming test where the student shows a jump from side, 25 meter swimming (free style), and pick up of an object underwater. The "Frühschwimmer" level is better known by its mascot "Seepferdchen" (seahorse) shown on the badge with most people to call it the "Seepferdchen" certificate.
The bronze badge requires 200 meter of swimming in under 15 minutes (no style prescribed).
The silver badge requires 400 meter of swimming in under 12 minutes, pick up of an object from deep water (more than 2 meter), jump and dive from the side, and 10 meter swimming underwater.
The gold badge requires 1000 meter of swimming (under 24 minutes for males and under 29 minutes for females), sport swimming of 100 meter (under 1:50 for males and 2:00 for females), 100 meter back crawl, 50 meter rescue swimming, 15 meter swimming underwater, pick up of three objects from deep water (2 meters, under 3 minutes, max. 3 attempts).
Lifeguard certificates are defined separately by each organization - the entry level is "Junior-Retter" (junior rescuer) at the DLRG (the largest aquatics life saving organization in the world) and "Juniorwasserretter" (junior water rescuer) at the Wasserwacht (water rescue branch of the German Red Cross). Extended Lifeguard certificate grades can be obtained at three levels of the "Rettungsschwimmabzeichen" (rescue swimming badge) in bronze, silver and gold.
[edit] SingaporeSwimSafer programme works to help children learn how to swim and how to be safe in the water. This is a six-stages programme that works with a process that encourages kids to have fun and to learn at a pace that is right for them.
SwimSafer Stage 1: An Introduction to Water Skills This part works to teach children how to become more confidence and how to become independent in the water. This is used as a means of making it easier for a child to feel more comfortable. A child can also learn about general water safety, how to enter and exit a pool and how to move back and forth in the water.
SwimSafer Stage 2: Fundamental Water Skills This part of the process involves learning how to handle surface dives, sculling, water safety and awareness in the water. This also involves learning how to get into the water without any assistance. The programme encourages kids to learn how to swim twenty-five metres.
SwimSafer Stage 3: Personal Water Survival and Stroke Developmental Skills Children will learn about how to survive in the water and how to handle different rescue skills. Sculling, underwater swimming and learning how to use a floatation device will be covered here. The goal of this part of the programme is to get a child to be able to swim fifty metres.
SwimSafer Bronze: Personal Water Survival and Stroke Improvement Skills This is where the programme gets to be more advanced. At this point the child will learn how to work with stroking movements and coordinated breathing. Kids will be encouraged to get as far as a hundred metres in swimming. Kids will also learn how to handle watercraft in safe ways while continuing to work on rescue and survival skills.
SwimSafer Silver: Intermediate Personal Water Survival and Stroke Refinement Skills Diving is introduced at this point. Advanced survival and rescue skills are also taught here. Advanced swimming strokes will also be taught at this point in the programme.
SwimSafer Gold: Advanced Personal Water Survival and Swimming Skills Proficiency This is the last part of the progress. A student will need to be able to perform one's skills over the course of four hundred metres. Standing dive and survival skills will be taught along with advanced lifesaving processes. Water safety is also taught at this point.
[7].
[edit] SwitzerlandIn Switzerland the "Schwimmtests" (swimming tests) is not organized in levels - instead each ability is tested by itself and a number of test certificates are put in a group designation. The swimming tests are defined by "swimsports.ch" which is an association of swimming NGOs and the federal institute for sports (BASPO).
The Entry level has six tests "Ente" (duck), "Schwan" (swan), "Seehund" (seal), "Nilpferd" (hippo), "Schildkröte" (turtle) and Biber (beaver).
The Basic level has seven tests "Krebs" (crab), "Seepferd" (seahorse), "Frosch" (frog), "Pinguin" (penguin), "Tintenfisch" (cuttlefish), "Krokodil" (crocodile) and Eisbär (ice bear).
The Advanced level has eight tests "Wal" (whale), "Hecht" (pike), "Hai" (shark), "Delfin" (dolphin), and tests named 5 to 8 (no symbols assigned).
[edit] United KingdomScotland
In Scotland swimming lessons are undertaken by pupils at a age 8 or 9 when the child is in Primary 5. These lessons take place during the school day. The Scottish Amateur Swimming Association - known as Scottish Swimming - has called for all young children to be entitled to free swimming lessons as they have been in England and Wales since the 1990s. Swimming lessons in Scotland have come under criticism because of the long waiting lists where in some counties there is a waiting list of up to 2000 children, or 1040 days [8]. This has led to an increase of private swimming schools start up which are able to use private pools (as opposed to council run lessons only using council pools).
Lessons in Scotland generally follow two main award schemes, the STA (Swimming Teachers Association) or ASA (Amateur Swimming Association) award schemes. The council lessons tend to follow the ASA Award Scheme whilst private swimming lessons use either of them. There have been a number of high profile cases of private swimming lessons changing from ASA to STA, such as Discover Swimming Ltd. who have stated a necessity for such changes because of limitations to the ASA Award Scheme such as the ASA being too restrictive in what is able to be taught and also the ASA attempts to get all their swimmers to go towards club swimming. The STA also teaches about life-saving techniques in their lessons which the ASA largely ignore. In England, by Key Stage 1 (Age 5-7) all pupils are expected to be able to swim 10 to 10 meters unaided. There is no provision for this in the Curriculum for Excellence in Scotland.
[edit] United StatesIn the United States, most swimming schools use the swimming levels "Learn To Swim" as defined by the American Red Cross.
Level 1: Introduction to Water Skills
The student needs to get comfortable with water: this includes kicking, bobbing, underwater exploration, front and back floating and gliding with face in the water, open eyes under water.
Level 2: Fundamental Aquatic Skills
The student needs to swim 15 feet on front and back, submerge entire head, submerge and retrieve an object.
Level 3: Stroke Development Skills
The student needs to swim 15 yards on front, back and crawl, also jump into deep water from side.
Level 4: Stroke Improvement
Includes front and back crawl of 25 yards, butterfly and breaststroke of 15 yards, allowing for turns while swimming.
Level 5: Stroke Refinement
All strokes should be shown at 25 yards, allow for flip turn, includes swimming underwater for 15 yards.
Level 6: Skill Proficiency
The swimming test includes swimming continuously of 500 yards, including back and front crawl at 100 yards, plus 50 yards for each of butterfly, backstroke, breaststroke and sidestroke. On top of this common swimming proficiency there are four swimming test variants for the Level 6 certificate: (A) Diving Basics - show a jump from the diving board; (B) Fitness Swimmer - demonstrate the use of training gear; (C) Lifeguard Readiness - submerge to deep water (minimum 7 feet); (D) Personal Water Safety - life jacket and boating rules.
Lifeguard certificates are obtained directly in courses of the American Red Cross. The course length varies with 30 to 37 hours for the four options of Pool Lifeguarding, Waterfront Lifeguarding, Waterpark Lifeguarding and Shallow Water Attendant.[9].
[10]==References==
1.^ Injury Prevention Committee (2003). "Swimming lessons for infants and toddlers". Paediatrics & Child Health 8 (2): 113–114. https://www.cps.ca/english/statements/IP/IP03-01.htm.
2.^ Lindmark, Ulrika. "Tillsyn av simkunnighet och förmåga att hantera nödsituationer vid vatten" (in Swedish) (PDF). https://www.skolverket.se/content/1/c4/05/26/Rapport_simtillsyn.pdf. Retrieved 2006-06-28.
3.^ "objectifs de la natation scolaire", natationpourtous.com ("swimming for all")
4.^ Davies, Catriona (2006-06-14). "Children unable to swim at 11 will be given top-up lessons". London: Telegraph Group Limited. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/06/14/nswim14.xml&sSheet=/news/2006/06/14/ixuknews.html. Retrieved 2006-07-12.
5.^ "&noUS95ads=" "Federal minister calls for school swim lessons". CTV. 2005-07-18. https://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20050718/swim_in_school_050718?s_name="&noUS95ads=". Retrieved 2006-06-28.
6.^ https://www.redcross.ca/article.asp?id=17282&tid=001 Canadian Red Cross Swim Program
7.^ "SwimSafer Programme"
8.^ "Swimming lessons backlog revealed". BBC News. 2010-02-01. https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/highlands_and_islands/8481356.stm.
9.^ https://americanredcross.com/services/hss/aquatics/lifegard.html Lifeguard courses by the American Red Cross
10.^ mau
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_lessons"
Categories: Swimming
作者：笨猪塔克 在 生活风情 发贴, 来自【海归网】 http://www.haiguinet.com
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 每次看到国内学生落水遇难的新闻就很痛心，游泳课为什么不能列为国家教育体系强制性达标项目 内容有转贴 -- 笨猪塔克 - (22348 Byte) 2011-4-29 周五, 07:15 (3287 reads)
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