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 [分享]研究表明女的比男的更会投资 |
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高树
头衔: 海归准将
声望: 学员
性别: 
加入时间: 2007/03/13
文章: 489
来自: 美国加州旧金山湾区
海归分: 121480
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作者：高树 在 谈股论金 发贴, 来自【海归网】 http://www.haiguinet.com
原因是男的过于自信。而且这被认为是导致金融危机的原因之一（请看文章的最后一段）。
https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/14/business/14mark.html
March 12, 2010
How Men’s Overconfidence Hurts Them as Investors
By JEFF SOMMER
MEN and women invest differently, a growing body of research has found. And in at least one important respect, women may be better at it.
The latest data comes from Vanguard, the mutual fund company. Among 2.7 million people with I.R.A.’s at the company, it found that during the financial crisis of 2008 and 2009, men were much more likely than women to sell their shares at stock market lows. Those sales presumably meant big losses — and missing the start of the market rally that began a year ago.
Male investors, as a group, appear to be overconfident, said John Ameriks, head of Vanguard Investment Counseling and Research and a co-author of the study. “There’s been a lot of academic research suggesting that men think they know what they’re doing, even when they really don’t know what they’re doing,” he said.
Women, on the other hand, appear more likely to acknowledge when they don’t know something — like the direction of the stock market or of the price of a stock or a bond.
Staying the course and minimizing costs — selling high and buying low, if you trade at all — are the classic characteristics of good long-term, buy-and-hold investors. But during the financial crisis, the Vanguard study showed, men were more likely than women to trade — and to do so at the wrong times.
That fits the patterns found in path-breaking research by Brad M. Barber of the University of California, Davis, and Terrance Odean, now at the University of California, Berkeley. In a 2001 study titled, “Boys Will Be Boys: Gender, Overconfidence and Common Stock Investment,” they analyzed the investing behavior of more than 35,000 households from a large discount brokerage firm. All else being equal, men traded stocks nearly 50 percent more often than women. This added trading drove up the men’s costs and lowered their returns.
The economists found that while both sexes reduced net returns through trading, men did so by 0.94 percentage points more per year.
In a telephone interview, Professor Barber said, “In general, overconfident investors are going to be interpreting what’s going on around them and feeling they are able make decisions that they’re really not equipped to make.”
Short-term financial news often amounts to little more than meaningless “noise,” he said. Far more than women, men try to make sense out of this noise, and to no avail.
Of course, gender generalizations must be taken with caution: they clearly don’t apply to all men or all women. “The differences among women and the differences among men are much greater than the differences between men and women,” he said.
Nevertheless, numerous studies show that men are more prone to make this particular mistake than women.
Women have also been shown to be more risk-averse than men. In portfolio selection, women tend to have a greater preference for fixed-income investments. That could cause their portfolio returns to lag over the long run, assuming that stocks outperform bonds — though in a shaky market like the one of the last decade, this greater caution might be beneficial.
Selling volatile stocks in a down market — as male I.R.A. investors did more often than women, according to the Vanguard data — might seem to protect a portfolio. But that isn’t necessarily so. Selling before the market falls and buying after it falls is the smart move. For long-term investors, though, the best strategy may be to ignore short-term market movements (perhaps rebalancing a diversified portfolio every so often).
Gender differences appear to extend to other financial behavior. For example, women who are C.E.O.’s and company directors tend to pay a lower premium in corporate takeovers, saving their shareholders a bundle, according to a 2008 study of mergers and acquisitions by Maurice D. Levi, Kai Li and Feng Zhang of the University of British Columbia.
What explains these differences? The answer isn’t clear.
“Is it biological, or cultural?” Professor Barber asked. “Nature or nurture? At this point, we don’t know.”
Plenty of research is under way, though. Over the last five years, brain-imaging technology has made it possible to determine “what is happening in the brain just before people make financial decisions,” said Brian Knutson, a Stanford psychologist and neuroscientist.
Researchers have found that activating the nucleus accumbens — a brain region that is stimulated when you eat delicious food or look at an attractive person — can affect financial risk-taking. When young Stanford men were shown pictures of partially clothed men and women kissing, he said, that region of their brains was activated. And when they were then given financial tests, the men became more likely to “make high-risk gambles.”
Women didn’t respond much to the same pictures, he said; it’s possible the researchers didn’t test enough women or that they haven’t found the right stimuli.
Others studying the effects of hormones on financial behavior have found correlations between testosterone and risk-taking.
Alexandra Bernasek, a professor of economics at Colorado State University, said that the weight of history — enormous gender disparities in earnings, wealth, power and social status — might explain many behavioral differences. It’s also possible, she said, that evolutionary psychology accounts for some of them. Before the dawn of history, aggressive risk-taking might have given men an advantage in finding mates, she said, while women might have become more risk-averse to protect their offspring.
Science may eventually provide some answers. In the meantime, she said, it would be a mistake to “force women into riskier financial behavior” that may be inappropriate, both for them and for society at large.
“Excessive risk-taking has gotten all of us into a lot of trouble,” she said. “That’s certainly one of the lessons of the financial crisis.”
作者：高树 在 谈股论金 发贴, 来自【海归网】 http://www.haiguinet.com
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 [分享]研究表明女的比男的更会投资 -- 高树 - (6112 Byte) 2010-3-17 周三, 06:26 (2919 reads)
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